Open UI

Customizable Select Element (Explainer)

Table of Contents

Background

The <select> element does not provide enough customization for web developers, which leads them to implement their own. These implementations can lead to reduced performance, reliability, and accessibility compared to the native form control elements. More on that is in Custom Control UI.

The 2020 MDN browser compatibility report had feedback that form controls are neither interoperable nor customizable. Customizable <select> will be fully interoperable and customizable.

Opting in to the new behavior

The <select> element will continue to behave as it currently does unless it has the appearance:base-select CSS property. Based on standardization discussions, appearance:base-select must also be applied to the select::picker(select) pseudo-element in order to opt in the picker popup element. Previously proposed opt-ins included a new tag name, an additional HTML attribute, and the presence of a child <button> or <datalist>.

Here is a basic <select> element with the appropriate CSS to opt in to customizable <select>:

<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
<select>
  <option>one</option>
  <option>two</option>
</select>

Testing out the customizable select element

Customizable <select> is currently implemented behind a flag in Chromium. To use it, enable the Experimental Web Platform features flag in about:flags. Using chrome canary is recommended to get the latest state of the API.

If you encounter bugs or limitations with the design of the control, please send your feedback by creating issues on the open-ui GitHub repository. Here is a list of open select bugs in open-ui.

HTML parser changes

The current behavior in the HTML parser for <select> is to remove all tags which aren’t <option> or <optgroup>. We will change the HTML parser to allow almost all tags as descendants of <select>. Adding <button> as a child of <select> allows authors to replace the in-page button which opens the popup, and all other tags are slotted into the popover element containing the options.

Here is a basic example which uses the parser changes:

<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
<select>
  <button>
    <selectedcontent></selectedcontent>
  </button>
  <option><img src="..." alt="">one</option>
  <option><img src="..." alt="">two</option>
</select>

Use cases

Customizing basic styles

This example changes the fonts and colors of various parts of the button and listbox parts of the select element.

<select>
  <option>one</option>
  <option>two</option>
</select>
<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
select {
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: 12px;
}
</style>
The rendering of a customizable select element with monospaced font and red colors

Rich content in <option>s

This example adds “rich content” inside option elements in the form of country flags. This is a common pattern on the web which isn’t possible in the existing <select> element because <select>’s <option>s only render text content.

<select>
  <option>
    <img src="usa.jpg" alt="">
    USA
  </option>
  <option>
    <img src="germany.jpg" alt="">
    Germany
  </option>
  <option>
    <img src="spain.jpg" alt="">
    Spain
  </option>
</select>
<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
The rendering of a customizable select element with country flags next to the options

Replacing the button

This example replaces the button which opens the listbox with an author provided <button> element.

<select>
  <button>
    selected option: <selectedcontent></selectedcontent>
  </button>
  <option>one</option>
  <option>two</option>
</select>
<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
The rendering of a customizable select element with an author-provided button

Why a <button>?

To replace the select’s built-in button, a native <button> element is used. That tells the browser that everything inside the <button> should be included in the in-page display of the <select> element. I.e. it’s just a simple placeholder/container. Normal button activities and attributes, e.g. form submission, are routed to the <select> to handle.

To ensure the behavior described above, the nested <button> is rendered inert. It is also set to display:contents by the UA stylesheet, so that there aren’t two sets of box decorations. The button and it’s descendants do not participate in the a11y tree; therefore, any attributes on the button or descendants have no effect on a11y.

Rendering the <option> differently in the button

This example uses the customizable <select> element with custom CSS to target it which renders the option differently in the listbox vs in the button.

<select>
  <button>
    <selectedcontent></selectedcontent>
  </button>
  <option>
    ❤️ <span class=description>heart</span>
  </option>
  <option>
    🙂 <span class=description>smile</span>
  </option>
</select>
<style>
selectedcontent .description {
  display: none;
}
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
The rendering of a customizable select element with a custom selectedcontent element

Putting custom content in the listbox

This example has a complex structure wrapping the <option>s which is all slotted into the popover element.

<select>
  <div class=container>
    <div>
      <optgroup label="1-2">
        <option>one</option>
        <option>two</option>
      </optgroup>
    </div>
    <div>
      <optgroup label="3-4">
        <option>three</option>
        <option>four</option>
      </optgroup>
    </div>
    <div>
      <optgroup label="5-6">
        <option>five</option>
        <option>six</option>
      </optgroup>
    </div>
    <div>
      <optgroup label="7-8">
        <option>seven</option>
        <option>eight</option>
      </optgroup>
    </div>
  </div>
</select>
<style>
.container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-rows: auto auto;
  grid-template-columns: 50px 50px;
  grid-column-gap: 10px;
  grid-row-gap: 10px;
}
.container > div {
  background-color: lightgray;
}
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
The rendering of a customizable select element with a custom listbox element

Here is another example with custom content in the listbox: codepen

Animations

This example uses view transitions to animate the opening and closing of the listbox. Link to codepen

A customizable select element with a listbox that animates open and closed

Split buttons

This example uses the selectedcontentelement attribute in order to have separate buttons which open the select’s popover and another one which has the selected option content and submits a form. The image is taken from a richer example here: link to codepen.

<button><selectedcontent id=myselectedcontent></selectedcontent></button>
<select selectedcontentelement=myselectedcontent>
  <button>⬇️</button>
  <option>Create a merge commit</option>
  <option>Squash and merge</option>
  <option>Rebase and merge</option>
</select>
<style>
select, ::picker(select) {
  appearance: base-select;
}
</style>
A customizable select element with a split button

Button behavior

The first child <button> of a <select> will be slotted into the <select>’s UA ShadowRoot and will open the popup list of options.

The <selectedcontent> element

The <selectedcontent> element enables developers to declaratively clone the content of the selected <option> element to the button and to style it distinctly from the <option>. This use case is shown in the rendering the option differently in the button example.

When the <selectedcontent> element is placed inside of a <select>’s <button>, then the browser will replace its DOM contents with the result of calling cloneNode() on the currently selected <option> element. Whenever the user selects a different <option>, the browser will update the contents of <selectedcontent> by internally calling cloneNode() again. If the DOM contents of the currently selected <option> are modified, then the browser will not re-clone into <selectedcontent>.

Since the contents of the <selectedcontent> element are maintained by the browser, authors should not put any HTML/DOM content inside of <selectedcontent>.

The selectedcontentelement attribute

<select> will support the selectedcontentelement attribute, which is an IDref which points to a single <selectedcontent> element to update. This allows the <selectedcontent> to exist outside of <select> in order to support the split buttons use case.

Anatomy of the customizable select element

Because the various parts of the select element can be styled, it’s important to understand the anatomy of this UI control.

Currently selected option
Optgroup label
Option text
  • <select> - The root element that contains the button and listbox.
  • button (slot) - The portion of the element which is rendered in the position of the button which opens the listbox. It should contain a button to open the listbox.
  • <button> - The button which opens the listbox when clicked.
  • <selectedcontent> - The element which contains the text of the currently selected option. Every time that the user selects an option, the browser will replace the children of this element with the result of calling cloneNode() on the newly selected <option>.
  • <datalist> - The wrapper that contains the <option>(s) and <optgroup>(s).
  • <optgroup> - Optional element which groups <option>(s) together with a label.
  • <legend> - Used to provide a label to an <optgroup> element. It must be the first child of the <optgroup>.
  • <option> - Can have one or more and represents the potential values that can be chosen by the user.

Styling

Customizable <select> provides a variety of tools to help with styling, including pseudo-selectors for different states and pseudo-elements for different parts.

select::picker(select)

This pseudo-element targets the popover element representing the popup list of options in the UA ShadowRoot of the <select> element. Putting appearance:base-select on this pseudo-element is necessary in order to opt-in to using the popover. You can put additional styles on it to control popover animations, border styling, and more.

select:open and select:closed pseudo-selectors

The select element supports the :open and :closed pseudo selectors as specified by CSS here: https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/#open-state

When the select’s listbox is showing, the select element will match :open, and when it is not showing, it will match :closed. Here is an example which makes the button red when the listbox is closed and green when it is open:

<select>
  <button id=custombutton>
    <selectedcontent></selectedcontent>
  </button>
  <option>one</option>
  <option>two</option>
</select>
<style>
select:open #custombutton {
  background-color: green;
}
select:closed #custombutton {
  background-color: red;
}
</style>

UA Stylesheet

The UA stylesheet for customizable select is currently under discussion in the CSSWG here. Here is what we have so far:

select {
  border: 1px solid currentColor;
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 10%, transparent);
  color: inherit;
  font: inherit;
  padding: 0.25em .5em;
  text-box: trim-both;

  border-radius: 0.25em;
  display: inline-block;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  min-block-size: max(24px, 1.2em);
  min-inline-size: 24px;
  white-space: normal;
}

select:enabled:hover {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 20%, transparent);
}

select:enabled:active  {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 30%, transparent);
}

select::picker(select) {
  box-shadow: 0px 12.8px 28.8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.13), 0px 0px 9.2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.11);
  box-sizing: border-box;
  overflow: auto;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  border-radius: 0.25em;
  padding-block: 0.25em;
  padding-inline: 0;
  background-color: Field;
  margin: 0;
  inset: auto;
  min-inline-size: anchor-size(self-inline);
  min-block-size: 1lh;
  position-area: block-end span-inline-end;
  position-try-fallbacks:
    block-start span-inline-end,
    block-end span-inline-start,
    block-start span-inline-start;
}

select option {
  min-inline-size: 24px;
  min-block-size: 24px;
  align-content: center;
  display: block;
  padding-block-start: 0;
  padding-block-end: 1px;
  padding-inline: 2px;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

select option:hover {
  background-color: SelectedItem;
  color: SelectedItemText;
}

select option::before {
  content: '\2713' / '';
}
select option:not(:checked)::before {
  visibility: hidden;
}

select::after {
  padding-inline-start: 0.5em;
  display: block;
  content: counter(fake-counter-name, disclosure-open);
}
select:not(:open)::after {
  content: counter(fake-counter-name, disclosure-closed);
}

select optgroup {
  padding-inline: 2px;
}

select optgroup option {
  padding-inline-start: 20px;
}

Additional examples

Here is an example which has a custom button with custom CSS:

<style>
  .my-custom-select button {
    display: flex;
    align-content: center;
  }
  .my-custom-select .open {
    padding: 5px;
    border: none;
    background: #f06;
    border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px;
    color: white;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
  .my-custom-select .label {
    padding: 5px;
    border: 1px solid #f06;
    border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;
  }
  select, ::picker(select) {
    appearance: base-select;
  }
</style>
<select class="my-custom-select">
  <button>
    <span class="open">Open</span>
    <span class="label">Choose an option</span>
  </button>
  <option>Option 1</option>
  <option>Option 2</option>
  <option>Option 3</option>
</select>

The above code snippet results in the following style:

The rendering of a select element with a custom button

Here is an example which has a custom listbox with custom CSS:

<style>
  .my-custom-select datalist {
    width: 300px;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(100px, 1fr));
    gap: 10px;
    padding: 10px;
    box-shadow: none;
    margin: 10px 0;
    border: 1px solid;
    background: #f7f7f7;
  }
  select, ::picker(select) {
    appearance: base-select;
  }
</style>
<select class="my-custom-select">
  <datalist>
    <option>Option 1</option>
    <option>Option 2</option>
    <option>Option 3</option>
    <option>Option 4</option>
    <option>Option 5</option>
  </datalist>
</select>

The above code snippet results in the following style:

The rendering of a select element with a custom listbox

Extending the markup

Not only can you replace the default parts with your own, you can also extend the control’s markup by adding new elements. This can be useful to augment the listbox or button with extra information, or to add new functionality.

Consider the following example:

<style>
  .my-custom-select button {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 1rem;
    border: none;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
  .my-custom-select .icon {
    border: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    width: 2rem;
    height: 2rem;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: grid;
    place-content: center;
    background-color: buttonface;
  }
  .my-custom-select .icon::before {
    content: '\25BC';
  }
  .my-custom-select datalist {
    padding: 0;
  }
  .my-custom-select .section {
    padding: 1rem 0 0;
    background: radial-gradient(ellipse 60% 50px at center top, #000a 0%, transparent 130%);
  }
  .my-custom-select h3 {
    margin: 0 0 1rem 0;
    text-align: center;
    color: white;
  }
  .my-custom-select option {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 0.5rem;
  }
  select, ::picker(select) {
    appearance: base-select;
  }
</style>
<label for=plant>Choose a plant</label>
<select id=plant class="my-custom-select">
  <button>
    <selectedcontent></selectedcontent>
    <span class=icon></span>
  </button>
  <datalist>
    <div class="section">
      <h3>Flowers</h3>
      <option>Rose</option>
      <option>Lily</option>
      <option>Orchid</option>
      <option>Tulip</option>
    </div>
    <div class="section">
      <h3>Trees</h3>
      <option>Weeping willow</option>
      <option>Dragon tree</option>
      <option>Giant sequoia</option>
    </div>
  </datalist>
</select>

Using custom markup to wrap the list of options, the above example creates sections with their own styles and content as seen below:

The rendering of a select element with custom HTML content

Demo page

You can find multiple examples of customizable select on our demo page.

Keyboard Behavior

When a custom <datalist> element is provided, the <select> element has unified keyboard behavior. The new behavior is inspired by both the existing <select> element and the Aria Authoring Practices Guide Combobox Pattern. This behavior was decided in issue 386 and issue 433.

When the listbox is closed and the button is focused:

  • Spacebar opens the listbox.
  • Enter submits the form associated with the select if one exists. Otherwise, enter does nothing.
  • The up, down, left, and right arrow keys all open the listbox without changing the selected value.

When the listbox is open:

  • Escape closes the listbox without changing the selected value.
  • Spacebar is used for typeahead.
  • Enter changes the selected value to the currently focused option and closes the listbox.
  • The up arrow key moves focus backwards in the list of options.
  • The down arrow key moves focus forwards in the list of options.
  • The left and right arrow keys do nothing.

multiple and size attributes

The HTML parser will not allow <button> or <datalist> children when the multiple or size attributes are present on <select>. This will ensure that the old rendering behavior of multiple and size is used. If the author adds a <datalist> or <button> via script to a <select multiple> or <select size>, the old rendering will still be used. In the future, we would like to upgrade <select multiple> to become customizable, at which time we will change the HTML parser again to allow <button> and <datalist> children. This also allows feature detection to know whether <select multiple> improvements are ready to be used. More detail in this issue.

Checkmark

A checkmark is included next to the option elements by default in order to visually indicate which option is currently selected. This improves accessibility/usability because selection doesn’t follow focus. You can opt out of rendering the checkmark with the following css:

option::before {
  display: none;
}

Design decisions